Thoracic Cavity Overview.
Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system
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Treatment of spine and foot deformities in Moscow.
This is the usual position of the body when standing, walking and sitting. In the course of evolution, related to the transformation of the upright posture, a person forms a curvature of the spine, which enables the spine to better perform one of its most important functions-musculoskeletal. Generally, a person has 3 curvatures of the spine: in the cervical area-forward (cervical lordosis), in the sternum area-forward (lumber lordosis) and in the bone area-backward. These curvatures of the spine are formed during childhood; lateral curvatures of the spine should not be normal.
Scoliosis is the most common curvature of the spine. Scoliosis is one of the most difficult problems in plastic surgery. In addition to the curvature of the frontal and sagittal planes, the spine also twists around the vertical axis. This complex multiaxial deformation of the spine inevitably leads to the deformation of the entire chest, as well as changes and destruction of the normal insertion of chest organs and body systems. Patients with scoliosis cause physical disability, cardiovascular and respiratory failure, and severe psychological pain due to cosmetic defects.
The existing scoliosis is divided into two categories: congenital and acquired. The core of congenital scoliosis is spinal dysplasia. The most controversial group is the so-called idiopathic scoliosis (the cause is unknown). One of the many theories for Enning steganographic khese the development of idiopathic scoliosis is the theory of muscle balance disorders, which was proposed by and later attracted many supporters and was developed in the works of orthopedic surgeons at home and abroad. The representatives of the Polish scientists very much recognized the theory of muscle balance: the proponents of this theory saw that the cause of scoliosis is the insufficiency and weakness of the muscle-ligament device of scoliosis, which is caused by congenital hypotonia and bone damage. Caused by rapid growth at certain stages of development. Overload and some diseases. To support their theory, the authors pointed out the weakness of the muscle system in all patients with idiopathic scoliosis. However, a detailed analysis of the results of the muscle study showed that the changes detected were minor. When scoliosis occurs, the location of the main curve is very important, that is, to determine the type of scoliosis. The course and prognosis of the disease will depend on the position and level of the main arch of the lateral curvature of the spine. In our country, Plotnikova (.) (1972) has a wide classification, which distinguishes five types of lateral curvature of the spine. In most cases, the cause of this scoliosis is various abnormalities of the spinal structure. In terms of prognosis, upper thoracic scoliosis is unfavorable, because by the end of the growth phase of the spine, obvious deformities will form, leading to cosmetic surgery on the chest, neck, shoulder straps and even the face.
Thoracic scoliosis is one of the most malignant curvatures downstream and prognostic: it tends to develop rapidly, and in most cases, it will cause severe deformities at the 6-11 level at the end of the operation. Thoracic scoliosis is the most common, ranking first among all types of scoliosis diseases. With the main thoracic curvature on the right, two secondary arcs are formed in the lumbar region, one of which is above the main curvature and the other below. It should be noted that the obvious deformation of the spine and chest leads to major changes in the function of internal organs, especially respiratory organs and circulatory organs, thereby exacerbating the severity of the disease.
Whether in its limitations or in terms of disease course and prognosis, it lies between the chest curvature and the waist curvature. The apex of this deformity of the spine and the main curvature is on the thoracic spine. The main curvature of the spine can be on the left, in which case the deformity has a good course and a better prognosis. In this case, the progress of the disease is close to the development of lumbar scoliosis, while the progress of the right thoracolumbar scoliosis is more unfavorable and close to the development of thoracic scoliosis. Lumbar scoliosis is the most common type of scoliosis. The apex of the major curvature deformity is located on the lumbar spine, usually on the left side. In most cases, lumbar scoliosis does not cause significant changes from the side of the body, and the axis of the spine is slightly disturbed, so the body still maintains a completely satisfactory position. In some cases, the only clinical manifestation of scoliosis is pelvic tilt. This group of scoliosis includes spinal deformities, with two equivalent curvatures, the apex of the thoracic curvature is at the level of the thoracic spine, and the lumbar spine is at the level of the lumbar spine. This takes into account the ratio of the principal curvatures, the size of the thoracic and lumbar spine curvature angles, the number of vertebrae included in one or the other curvature, the degree of torsion of the vertebrae, the direction of rotation of the vertebrae to each convex surface of the curvature, and the stability of the thoracic and lumbar spine curvatures. This is a curvature of the spine, a bulging back, a stoop, and a hunchback. Due to the curvature of the thoracic spine, the patient forms a so-called round back-shoulders are sunken forward and downward. When exhaling, the chest narrows, the abdomen is slightly protruding, and the center of gravity moves backward. This is compensated by the forward tilt of the upper body, and the shoulder bones are wing-shaped. At the same time, due to the decreased mobility of the ribs and chest, the vital capacity of the lungs decreases, which leads to interference with breathing and heart activities. As mentioned earlier, kyphosis can be compensated by lordosis, and kyphosis can persist over time. If, despite the deformation, the shoulders are directly above the pelvis, the hunchback is considered to be compensated. If the entire body is bent, the shoulders are behind and the pelvis is forward, then this is a form of uncompensated hunchback. First of all, the reasons that affect the development of scoliosis in children are improper posture and prolonged sitting posture. At this time, the load on the spine increases. If a person is sitting and leaning forward, the pressure on the intervertebral disc will increase 12 times. Long hours at school, work, and sitting on the computer will cause the load of certain muscle groups to increase, while other muscle groups have no load. Therefore, the metabolism in the spine is destroyed and the destruction of the intervertebral disc begins-osteochondrosis. Provide treatment of any form of postural disorder through non-surgical methods. It includes a series of traditional and modern activities-medical treatment assistance (manual therapy and massage), exercise therapy, corsets, physical therapy based on innovative technology. The purpose of conservative treatment is to achieve this state of the spine, its blood vessels, muscles and connective tissue structure, which will provide stable relief of scoliosis.
Exclude unfavorable static and dynamic loads on the affected spine. Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system