Extravascular Hemolysis.
Urine Analysis
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Prepare for analysis Leave a message, we will reply as soon as possible. , Make an appointment for non-contact testing at home. The rules for preparing some laboratory tests include strict recommendations on lifestyle, food intake, fluid and drug properties. You can get the most comprehensive advice by placing an order to prepare the research you need.
Eating food on the eve of blood draws for analysis can greatly distort the results and, in some cases, make it impossible to conduct research. This is due to the fact that after absorption of nutrients in the intestines, the concentration of protein, fat, carbohydrates and other compounds in the blood increases dramatically, the enzyme system is activated, blood viscosity may change, and the level of certain hormones temporarily increases. All of these factors can directly affect the concentration of the substance being studied, and also due to changes in the physical properties of the blood itself (blood), the device can incorrectly measure the analyte. The viscosity of the blood will make it easier to obtain enough biological material for research. In addition, it will reduce the possibility of clots forming in the test tube. In general, their influence on laboratory parameters is known, but largely depends on the physiological characteristics of a particular person and the presence of disease in that patient. Therefore, it is almost impossible to accurately predict how the results of a study will change according to any drug. When testing while taking medications and dietary supplements, be sure to tell the administrator of the diagnostic center the name of the medication you are taking. Activate a variety of enzymes and hormone systems. The concentration of many biologically active substances in the blood increases, internal organs begin to work more intensively, and metabolism changes. In the context of stress, the sympathetic adrenal system is activated, which in turn triggers the mechanisms that cause changes in the activities of many internal organs, thereby activating the enzyme and hormone system. All of these will affect the test results. A few minutes before the blood collection, take a comfortable position (sit down), relax and calm down. As you know, the activity of the nervous system regulates all physiological processes of the human body. Alcohol metabolites affect many enzyme systems, cell respiration and water and salt metabolism. All of these may lead to changes in the concentration of most biochemical parameters, resulting in changes in the general blood count of hormones and so on. Smoking activates the nervous system, increases the concentration of certain hormones, and affects the tension of blood vessels. In one month, the concentration of sex hormones and their metabolites in women changes significantly. In this regard, it is recommended to perform many hormone tests strictly on certain days of the menstrual cycle. According to the need to evaluate which part of the hormone adjustment to determine the blood donation day.
Pregnancy is another important physiological condition that affects the results of the study. According to the week of pregnancy, the concentration of hormones and certain specific proteins in the blood, the activity of the enzyme system will change.
When filling out the recommendation form, it is necessary to indicate the stage of the menstrual cycle or the time of pregnancy-this ensures that reliable research results are obtained within the correctly specified normal (reference) value range.
The concentration of many substances in the human body changes periodically during the day. This applies not only to hormones, but also to certain biochemical parameters and specific markers (for example, metabolic markers in bone tissue). Therefore, it is recommended to conduct certain tests strictly at certain times of the day. In the case of monitoring laboratory indicators, re-delivery should be carried out at the same time. The table below provides guidelines for when to draw blood to determine various laboratory parameters.
Before performing most of the tests, a study was conducted to determine the blood lipids, jaundice, and degree of hemolysis. Related to this, customers often ask what these blood conditions are and why they cannot be performed under certain values of the above indicators. analysis. In the blood sample, various biologically active substances are released, the most important of which is the release of hemoglobin into the plasma. The body of the blood donor and the violation of blood collection methods.
The blood sample has been stored for too long at room temperature. 
It should also be noted that hemolysis occurs twice as often in capillary blood samples. In this regard, it is recommended to use venous blood for all laboratory tests. Why is it usually impossible to analyze hemolysis? Analyze the substances released from the red blood cells into the plasma. This is mainly hemoglobin. When performing many tests, the instruments used to perform these tests may misunderstand the results and give incorrect results.
The degree of color change directly corresponds to the degree of hemolysis. However, mild hemolysis may not always be visible. Therefore, in, all blood samples suspected of hemolysis have been specifically studied, which makes it possible to estimate the approximate amount of free hemoglobin in the blood and thus accurately determine the degree of hemolysis. Nurses should always pay attention to the color of the serum after blood sampling. If the blood sample shows signs of hemolysis, it is best not to send it to the laboratory, as it may not be possible to test such blood. In this case, blood must be drawn again for analysis.
To this end, the blood sampling rules must be strictly followed, and all necessary pre-analysis operations must be performed clearly and accurately on the obtained samples.
After treating the injection area with antiseptic, make sure to wipe the area with a dry, lint-free cloth. This will prevent the preservative from entering the test tube and damaging the test tube, resulting in hemolysis of the sample.
The tourniquet should only be used when it is determined that there is no venipuncture (the patient has poor veins). Apply the tourniquet for a short time (a few seconds). The tourniquet should be removed immediately after entering the vein. This will avoid mechanical damage to red blood cells.
Do not pass the needle Lapine through the vein unnecessarily. When connecting the needle tube to the needle, secure the needle with the needle. This will also avoid mechanical damage to red blood cells.
After obtaining the blood sample, move the blood steadily without shaking the test tube. Also, do not drop the test tube and place it firmly on the tripod. It is strictly forbidden to use a syringe to take blood and then transfer it to a vacuum tube in any way (puncture, blood transfusion, etc.). In most cases, this effect makes blood unsuitable for research.
The samples should be kept strictly at the required temperature. Temperature changes, long-term storage of blood at room temperature (especially in hot weather, in summer) usually lead to hemolysis.
When collecting capillary blood, do not press hard near the puncture site to accelerate the blood flow (it is best to avoid mechanical action completely). It is also unacceptable to collect blood from the surface of the skin with the edges of microtubes. The blood should drain into a dedicated capillary independently of the wound. It should be noted that even if all the rules for capillary blood collection are strictly followed, there is no guarantee that there will be no hemolysis in the sample obtained. This is due to the physiological mechanism triggered when the tissue is damaged. Therefore, it is recommended that only venous blood be used in all studies.
Its severity depends directly on the concentration of fat, and therefore on the degree of blood lipids.
In most cases, blood lipids are caused by eating large amounts of fatty food shortly before blood donation. Moreover, certain metabolic disorders, especially fat metabolism disorders, may have dyslipidemia. Generally, the occurrence and degree of blood lipids do not depend on the blood collection procedure and the actions before the subsequent analysis of the sample. Why is it usually impossible to analyze blood lipid levels? High levels of fat in the blood can distort the value of the laboratory. This is due to the particularity of the research methods and equipment used for analysis.
Before donating blood for analysis, patients should always be asked if they have eaten food. If the meal time is later than the time required by the preparation rules for the necessary examination, the patient should be advised to postpone blood donation and prepare appropriately for the examination.
This is the high concentration of bilirubin and its derivatives in blood samples. Jaundice occurs in various liver diseases and certain genetic diseases. The yellow-brown serum is bright yellow (see picture), and its shadow depends directly on the bilirubin concentration in it, and therefore also on the degree of hemolysis.
Jaundice is usually caused by various liver diseases, in which the level of bilirubin in the blood rises sharply. Sometimes, the increase in blood bilirubin levels may be related to the patient's long-term hunger before the analysis, although in a perfectly healthy person even a long time without food intake rarely results in the acquired serum jaundice.
Why is it usually impossible to analyze jaundice serum? High levels of bilirubin in the blood can distort the value of the laboratory. This is due to the particularity of the research methods and equipment used for analysis. Until a blood sample is obtained, it is usually impossible to predict jaundice. If the sample obtained shows signs of jaundice, the patient should be warned that it may be necessary to repeat blood sampling for analysis. It should be remembered that it is not always possible to correct the elevated bilirubin level in the blood. In this case, it is necessary to inform the laboratory of the peculiarities of the patient’s health and this will be taken into consideration when conducting research . As mentioned above, a certain concentration of hemoglobin, bilirubin and some fats (triglycerides) in the blood will cause the test results to be distorted. This phenomenon is called interference, and manufacturers of laboratory diagnostic equipment must point out that the concentration of bilirubin, hemoglobin and triglycerides in plasma cannot be specifically studied.
Perform preliminary tests on blood samples to check for the presence and extent of blood lipids, jaundice, and hemolysis. After conducting the study, compare the results with the test system manufacturer's tolerances to perform the required analysis, and if the allowable value is exceeded, the test is not performed.
The results of the study are expressed semi-quantitatively (from one cross to five crosses). The more the number of crossovers, the higher the concentration of hemoglobin, bilirubin or triglycerides in the tested blood, the higher the possibility that the analysis will not be possible.
Usually, the morning urine is used for analysis. Depending on the required laboratory test, the first part, the second part (middle), the third part or (does not depend on the order of collection) of urine can be used. Regardless of the procedure before the analysis, the urine for the examination is collected by the patient in a sterile plastic container. Then, according to the research, a small portion of the urine sample is stored and transported into the appropriate vacuum tube.
Method of Use The method of diagnosing genitourinary tract infections through urine is only applicable to men; in women, this diagnostic method is less informative for the study of urogenital smears, so it is not used. Patients usually use special kits to collect and transport daily urine samples at home to collect daily urine. Before starting the collection, the patient will be provided with the necessary instructions on the collection procedure and the necessary measures to prepare for the test. Then, according to the study, the 25-hour urine sample was transferred to an appropriate transportation container for storage and transportation.
For women, it is not recommended to conduct research during menstruation.
Provide a sterile plastic container with a spoon to the patient to collect and transport feces. Depending on the type of test, the container can contain culture medium (protein) or preservatives.
The release of worm eggs and fecal protozoan cysts directly depends on the life cycle of the parasite. Therefore, even if there is an infection, the test result may be negative. In order to obtain the most reliable results, it is recommended to study the stool 3 times with an interval of 3-7 days. 
It is recommended to conduct research before starting antibiotics and other antibacterial chemotherapy drugs (if this is not possible, it should be done within 13 hours after stopping the drug).
Before collecting feces, avoid taking laxatives, introduce rectal suppositories, oils, and limit the intake of drugs that affect intestinal peristalsis (belladonna, pilocarpine, etc.) and the color of feces (iron, bismuth, barium sulfate) for 73 hours ...
After taking a radiopaque substance (barium in radiographic examination), the material obtained after enema is not suitable for research. The study should be performed before sigmoidoscopy and other diagnostic procedures are performed on the stomach. To study whether the stool is occult blood, meat, fish, green vegetables, and tomatoes should be excluded from the diet 73 hours before the study. In the first few weeks of the study, topical preservatives and/or antibacterial and antifungal drugs should be excluded. Avoid urinating and do not wash your hands outside the genitals in the few hours before the study. It is recommended to analyze male genitourinary smears within two weeks after taking antibacterial drugs. For men, in the presence of urethral discharge, gauze cotton swabs should be used to clean the surface of the head and the external opening area of the urethra, and the foreskin should be pulled back to prevent contamination. The study should be conducted 1-2 days before or after the end of menstruation.
On the eve of the examination, private sanitary products should not be used to flush, flushing the external organs of the genitals. Virgins, pregnant women and patients under 19 years of age should be sampled by doctors for biological materials. In the study, smears from the perianal area were used. The use of biological materials for research was carried out by a nurse.
Do not wash your hands on the skin of the anus and buttocks on the eve of biological material sampling.
In order to obtain the true parameters of sperm reproductive ability, sperm examinations should be performed twice, at least 7 days apart and no more than 3 weeks.
It is recommended to conduct research before starting antibiotics and other antibacterial chemotherapeutic drugs (if this is not possible, it should be done within 13 hours after stopping the drug).
The medication was completely ruled out within 25 hours before the study (according to the doctor’s consent). A few hours before the study did not include sexual intercourse, drinking, hot baths, saunas, physical therapy and radiography.
The patient collects sputum independently through a deep cough.
It is recommended to collect sputum in the morning.
It is recommended to brush your teeth before collecting sputum, and then rinse your mouth and throat with boiling water.
If the patient eats less than 2 hours before taking the biological material, rinse the mouth with water.
Do not breastfeed one hour before taking the biological material. It is recommended to perform a smear check before the 5th day of the menstrual cycle and no later than 5 days before the expected start of menstruation. A few hours after sex, use lubricants, vinegar or solutions, tampons or spermicides, scrubs, and introduce medications, suppositories, creams, including gels for ultrasound examinations. In acute infections, it is desirable to obtain materials for inspection and identification of pathogens. After treatment but not earlier than 2 months later, cytological control is required.
Hope to receive materials before the 6-9th day of the menstrual cycle and before the 5th day before the expected start of menstruation.
Contractions should not be performed for a few hours before the study, nor should intravaginal therapy be used.
Before smearing from the uterine cavity, one must make sure that there is no pregnancy, vaginitis or cervicitis.
Only after the infectious diseases of vaginal mucosa and cervix are completely cured, can all operations in the uterine cavity be carried out.
Only when there is no hair on the head, should you use other parts of the body.
Please stop using hair treatment 2 weeks before the hair analysis. Dyed, bleached, or perm hair is not suitable for inspection. Wait until the hair grows back enough to collect the hair sample. It is recommended to wash your hair no later than 25 hours before collecting hair). Before the examination, it is not allowed to apply any cosmetics or therapeutic agents (creams, oils, gels, etc.) on the hair.
Avoid professional contact between hair and external contaminants (welding, mining) between shampoo and hair collection.
Before collecting hair, wash and dry your hands and scissors thoroughly. You can put down the phone and they will call you back within 31 seconds! Urine Analysis