Female Reproductive System - Menstrual Cycle, Hormones and Regulation.
Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle, Animation.
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The anterior pituitary gland is a polypeptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary under the influence of the hypothalamic tropism factor. Main function: Stimulate the adrenal cortex and produce corticosteroids (especially cortisol). Under the influence of hormones, insulin is released through the beta cells of the pancreas. Due to its effect of stimulating melanocytes, skin pigmentation is enhanced. The hormone has a circadian secretion rhythm, with the highest blood concentration in the morning (6-8 o'clock) and the lowest blood concentration in the evening (24 hours). Under stressful conditions, injury, physical exertion, pregnancy, blood concentration will increase. A steroid hormone synthesized by cholesterol in the glomerular cells of the adrenal cortex. Its metabolism is carried out in the liver and kidneys. The synthesis and release of aldosterone in the blood depend on the activity of the renin-angiotensin system, the content of potassium, sodium, and sodium in the blood. The main function is to regulate water and salt metabolism and maintain blood pressure. The release of aldosterone into the blood should obey the daily rhythm, with the highest concentration in the morning and the lowest concentration after 24 hours. Plasma aldosterone levels decrease with age.
It is one of the subunits of the dimer molecule of chorionic gonadotropin. It is secreted in the trophoblasts of the placenta to help protect the corpus luteum and stimulate the production of progesterone. The largest peak of secretion was observed at the end of the third trimester of pregnancy, and gradually decreased in the second and third trimester. In the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus, measuring the concentration of β- can be used to diagnose pregnancy and identify the threat of termination of pregnancy. It is also a sign of trophoblastic tumors and malignant tumors caused by germ cells. It is used as a highly specific and sensitive tumor marker for the diagnosis of testicular cancer.
Aims to determine the free β subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin to identify diseases and tumor risks of fetal chromosomal abnormalities, trophoblasts, testicular tumors and other tumors. Serum glycoprotein, due to its binding in plasma, can regulate the biological activity of male and female sex hormones. The synthesis of globulin occurs in the liver, estrogen can stimulate, and testosterone can inhibit its synthesis. For diagnostic purposes, blood levels can be used to accurately interpret testosterone and estradiol concentrations. Generally, up to 2% of testosterone is in free form, and about 61% of protein is weakly bound to albumin. These fractions are considered to be the most biologically active.
Together with testosterone, it is the most important and most biologically active male sex hormone. It is formed by testosterone in surrounding tissues under the action of 5-reductase. Hormones are essential for the development and differentiation of internal and external reproductive organs during embryogenesis. Stimulate the growth of male reproductive system organs, skeletal muscle, laryngeal cartilage, bone development. Dihydrotestosterone stimulates hair growth in androgen-dependent areas of the human body (face, limbs, chest, back). This research is used to diagnose and monitor pathological conditions related to the increase and decrease of male sex hormone synthesis. It is secreted into the blood by the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas. Hormone levels depend on blood sugar levels. Insulin transports glucose through the cell membrane and inhibits glucose formed by glycogen. Insulin participates in lipid metabolism, inhibits lipolysis, and increases the rate of fatty acid synthesis. It is destroyed in the liver with a half-life of 11-22 minutes. Therefore, even a short-term lack of insulin under the background of high blood sugar levels can cause severe dysfunction of many organs and tissues. The determination of insulin concentration is used for the differential diagnosis of diabetes and insulinoma forms.
Calcitonin is a protein hormone produced by the parafollicular epithelial cells (cells) of the thyroid. Metabolism takes place in the kidneys. The synthetic activity of this hormone depends on the concentration of calcium ions in the blood. Calcitonin has the effect of lowering blood potassium and phosphorus, and stimulates the growth of bone cells. Calcitonin determination is used to diagnose and monitor medullary thyroid cancer.
These are biologically active substances through which cell-cell interactions occur. They are synthesized in the adrenal medulla, nervous system (central and sympathetic nerves), and act as mediators and neurohormones. The concentration of catecholamines in the blood during the day is unstable and is related to emotional stress and physical exertion. Main functions: increase neuromuscular conductivity, increase reaction speed and thinking speed, control sexual behavior, aggressiveness, emotional levels, participate in neurohumoral regulation and neurotrophic, participate in metabolism (stimulate lipid decomposition, increase the intensity of nitrogen metabolism), and maintain a constant internal body Environment (dynamic balance). This test is used to diagnose tumors in nerve tissue and adrenal glands.
The synthesis and release of cortisol into the blood depends on the activity of. The main functions of cortisol: accelerate the synthesis of glucose, increase the glucose content in the blood, stimulate the decomposition of fat, stabilize the membrane of mast cells (anti-allergic effect), and have an anti-inflammatory effect. The hormone has a circadian secretion rhythm, with the highest concentration in the morning (6-8 o'clock) and the lowest concentration in the evening (22 hours later). Under stressful conditions, injury, physical exertion, pregnancy, blood concentration will increase. This test is used to diagnose diseases and-syndromes* The test results depend on the time of blood donation. The cortisol concentration before and after the reference value will be different. A polypeptide hormone of the parathyroid gland, its main function is to regulate the exchange of calcium and phosphorus in the body. The level of hormones in the blood is directly proportional to the concentration of calcium in the plasma. Parathyroid hormone will increase the excretion of phosphorus in urine, thereby activating the reabsorption of calcium in the renal tubules, thereby helping its retention in the body. Regulate the activity of bone tissue synthesis by activating osteoclasts-cells that destroy the bone matrix. The study of blood hormone levels is used to diagnose diseases related to calcium deficiency, osteoporosis, and urolithiasis.
It is synthesized from syncytiotrophoblast cells in early pregnancy, and the blood content increases during physiological pregnancy. The maximum concentration of placental prolactin is recorded during the 37th-38th week of pregnancy, then it stabilizes and decreases before delivery. This study is used to diagnose placental insufficiency in the first trimester of pregnancy; a sharp decrease in serum placental prolactin in the late pregnancy may also indicate placental insufficiency and chronic fetal hypoxia. The concentration of placental prolactin decreases with hypertension and late pregnancy. Repeated pregnancy, diabetes, incompatibility has been observed to increase the concentration. Placental prolactin is also produced by trophoblastic tumors. The higher the degree of malignancy, the lower the ratio of placental prolactin and chorionic gonadotropin levels. Diagnosis of placental insufficiency; 2. Diagnosis of fetal hypoxia and malnutrition; 3. Multiple pregnancy diagnosis; 4. Diagnosis of diabetes in pregnant women; 5. Diagnose the incompatibility between mother and child; 6. Diagnosis of trophoblastic tumor of the uterus. The test usually stipulates the following conditions: [9-17]-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-) [9-15]? The determination of thyroglobulin can be used to diagnose highly differentiated thyroid cancer, as well as in patients after chemotherapy or radiotherapy and in patients who have undergone thyroidectomy, to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and early detection of tumor recurrence. Estrogen is essential for the normal pregnancy process. The synthesis of estriol occurs in the placenta by precursor substances produced by the fetal liver and fetal adrenal glands. The level of hormones in the blood rises during pregnancy and reaches its highest level by the 41st week. Monitoring the concentration of hormones can be used to diagnose the pathology of placental insufficiency and fetal development.
The gastric mucosa produces specific hormone regulators of hydrochloric acid and pepsin. It also participates in the regulation of gastric motility and stimulates the secretion of other biological digestion regulators. Gastrin is secreted by cells located in the gastric mucosa and to a lesser extent by cells in the pancreas. Protein breakdown products (oligopeptides and amino acids) and chemical and mechanical stimulation of the gastric antrum can stimulate the secretion of gastrin. The measurement of gastrin concentration is used to assess the state of the gastric mucosa, monitor and diagnose peptic ulcer disease, and the specific tumor that produces gastrin-gastrin.
Beta-glycolic acid is the final product of catecholamine metabolism, which is excreted from the body together with urine. Combined determination of the levels of catecholamines and their metabolites in urine can be used to diagnose pheochromocytoma. Catecholamines are biologically active substances that interact with cells. They are synthesized in the adrenal medulla, nervous system (central and sympathetic nerves), and act as mediators and neurohormones. The concentration of catecholamines in the blood during the day is unstable and is related to emotional stress and physical stress. Main functions: increase neuromuscular conductivity, increase reaction speed and thinking speed, control sexual behavior, aggressiveness, emotional levels, participate in neurohumoral regulation and neurotrophic, participate in metabolism (stimulate lipid decomposition, increase the intensity of nitrogen metabolism), and maintain a constant internal body Environment (dynamic balance). Vanillylmandelic acid, homovanillylmandelic acid and 5-hydroxyacetic acid are the final products of catecholamine metabolism, which are excreted from the body in urine. Combined determination of the levels of catecholamines and their metabolites in urine can be used to diagnose pheochromocytoma. It mediates most of the biological effects of pituitary growth hormone, has anabolic activity, stimulates bone growth, and increases the sensitivity of cells to insulin. The level changes with age, from birth to 21 years old, and then gradually decreases throughout life. The study of this indicator is used to diagnose and monitor diseases related to impaired secretion of growth hormone in type 2 diabetes. The results of the study make it possible to assess the overall functional activity of the adrenal glands. Prescription indications: assessment of adrenal androgen secretion, diagnosis of adrenal hormone syndrome, diagnosis of adrenal cancer, pregnancy pathology.
Female ovarian granulosa cells and male supporting cells of the testis produce highly specific markers of ovarian tumors. It selectively inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in the pituitary gland. The research is used to diagnose and control chemotherapy for ovarian cancer, diagnose male infertility, cryptorchidism, assess ovarian reserve, and assess male gonadal function at any age. Appointment indications: 1. Diagnosis of ovarian cancer; 2. Control ongoing anti-tumor chemotherapy3. Evaluation of ovarian reserve; 4. Diagnosis of male infertility; 5. Assess the function of male gonads.
Powerful vasoconstrictor factors are very important in regulating blood pressure. Renin is synthesized in the kidney (the glomerular organ of the kidney). The amount of enzymes released into the blood directly depends on the amount of blood flow in the kidney. Under the influence of certain drugs, it can be based on the location of the body. The sodium concentration, nervous system tension, and aldosterone levels vary. Based on the above, in standing and lying patient blood samples, renin activity will be different. Strictly after standing or lying down for 121 minutes, take a renin sample in a standing or lying position. Due to the existence of the biological rhythm of renin secretion and the standardization of the current reference value, blood should be collected strictly from 7 am to 11 am. Since the reference value of renin has been determined only from the age of 15, it is strongly recommended to perform blood sampling. This test is only performed on people over 15 years of age to diagnose and monitor diseases related to hypertension. The following drugs may artificially overestimate the value: captopril, chlorpropamide, diazoxide, enalapril, guanethidine (for patients with sodium deficiency), hydralazine, lisinopril, rice Nordil, nifedipine (young patients), sodium nitroprusside, potassium-sparing diuretics (amikashinone), triamteridine, etc.), thiazide diuretics (fenflurazine, chlorthalidone) ). Leptin is a hormone produced in fat cells. It regulates weight by suppressing appetite. In obese people, excessive leptin leads to inhibition of insulin secretion, and causes skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to develop resistance (insensitivity) to the action of insulin, and also inhibits the action of insulin on liver cells, which leads to diabetes mellitus patients Blood sugar levels are even higher. Therefore, the measurement of leptin is indicated in the second type of diabetes and/or obesity. In addition, high levels of leptin will increase the likelihood of thrombosis. Job instructions: 1. Comprehensive research for diagnosing type diabetes; 2. Assess the risk of brain and coronary artery thrombosis. It is the precursor of pepsin and is synthesized by the main cells of the gastric glands. A small amount of pepsinogen circulates in the blood and can usually be found in the urine. The secretion level is controlled by gastrin and depends on the number of main cells in the gastric glands. The determination of pepsinogen concentration is the gold standard for the diagnosis of gastric atrophic gastritis, because this method has high sensitivity (up to 81%) and specificity (99%), and the determination of gastrin 18 level at the same time can ensure the diagnosis of gastric The specificity of body and gastric atrophic gastritis is 101%. Gastric ulcer,-syndrome, acute gastritis, increased levels of gastric cancer; atrophic gastritis of gastric cancer, decreased levels of pernicious anemia. Instructions for analysis: 1. Diagnose, monitor and control the treatment of atrophic gastritis of the stomach2. Differential diagnosis of peptic ulcer and other diseases of the stomach and duodenum3. Comprehensive diagnosis of gastric malignancies4. It is the precursor of pepsin, synthesized by the main cells of the gastric glands and the pyloric glands in the proximal duodenum. The secretion level is controlled by gastrin and depends on the number of main cells in the gastric glands. The measurement of pepsinogen is used together with the measurement of pepsinogen to calculate their ratio, which has a high degree of reliability and reflects the number of main cells in the gastric gland, that is, the severity of gastric mucosal atrophy. It has been proven that a low ratio of pepsinogen to pepsinogen leads to an increased risk of gastric cancer; elevated levels have been observed in duodenal peptic ulcer, Solinger-Ellison syndrome, and gastric cancer, accompanied by : Atrophic gastritis of the stomach, harmful anemia. Instructions for analysis: 1. Diagnose, monitor and control the treatment of atrophic gastritis of the stomach2. Comprehensive diagnosis of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer 3. Comprehensive diagnosis of gastric malignancies4.
The level of hormones in the blood is an indicator of adrenal activity related to androgen production. This hormone has a weak androgenic effect and is metabolized in surrounding tissues to form testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. In pregnant women, -4 is the precursor of estrogen produced by the placenta. The concentration of -4 in the blood has almost no daily fluctuations, and the excretion rate from the human body is very low. The measurement of -4 is an analog of the test used to determine 18- in the urine every day, and is used to assess adrenal function. This test is used to determine the source of increased androgen production in women.
Glycoprotein gonadotropin is produced in the anterior pituitary under the influence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamus. Several peaks of luteinizing hormone secretion were observed during the day. This hormone participates in the synthesis of estrogen in women and the regulation of menstrual cycle, thereby initiating the ovulation process, the formation and maintenance of the corpus luteum. The function of luteinizing hormone in men is to stimulate the production of testosterone. The determination of the concentration of hormones in the blood is very important for the differential diagnosis of the cause of infertility.
Progesterone is formed under the influence of ovarian and adrenal pituitary luteinizing hormone. One of the most important functions of progesterone is to prepare the endometrium for implantation of fertilized eggs. Progesterone inhibits the activity of uterine muscles and ovulation response, stimulates the development of the terminal secretion area of the breast, and the synthesis of steroid hormones. In women who are not pregnant, the secretion of progesterone is closely related to the menstrual cycle, and the maximum concentration of hormones can be observed in the middle of the luteal phase. At the end of the cycle, a sharp drop in the concentration of progesterone leads to rejection of the functional layers of the endometrium, leading to menstrual bleeding. The measurement of progesterone levels can be used to diagnose the risk of irregular menstruation, miscarriage and termination of pregnancy.
Thyroid hormone is synthesized and secreted by the follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid, but due to the metabolism of thyroxine, the main part of the hormone is formed outside the thyroid. Most hormones are related to transport proteins in the blood. 3 Controls the synthesis of vitamins in the liver, the production of heat, and the rate of oxygen absorption, participates in maintaining the normal function of the respiratory center, increases the formation of erythropoietin, increases the production of erythropoiesis, and stimulates the synthesis of protein. Determination of triiodothyroxine levels can be used to diagnose and monitor the treatment of 3-related thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid hormone is synthesized and secreted by the follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid, but due to the metabolism of thyroxine, the main part of the hormone is formed outside the thyroid. It is the active ingredient of triiodothyroxine, which determines all the main biological effects of hormones in the body. Thyroxine controls the synthesis of vitamins in the liver, the production of heat, and the rate of oxygen absorption, participates in maintaining the normal function of the respiratory center, increases the formation of erythropoietin, increases the production of erythropoietin, and stimulates the synthesis of protein. The determination of free 3 can be used to diagnose thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism.
The main hormone of the thyroid gland is produced by its follicular cells under the action of thyroid stimulating hormone. Most are related to transport proteins in the blood. The main function is to stimulate the metabolic process in the body (by participating, vitamins are synthesized in the liver to accelerate protein synthesis and control heat production). Secretion circadian rhythm, peaking in the morning and lowest in the evening. The measurement of total 4 is used to assess thyroid function and diagnose hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. It is a part of thyroxine, does not bind to blood proteins, and can provide most of the biological effects of thyroid hormones. The main function is to stimulate the metabolic process in the body (by participating in the synthesis of vitamins in the liver, accelerating protein synthesis, controlling the formation of heat, and the rate of oxygen absorption. In pregnant women, the concentration of free thyroxine increases, reaching the maximum in the third trimester Free 4 is defined as a reliable diagnostic test for assessing thyroid function, and it is recommended to conduct this study in conjunction with the determination of thyroid stimulating hormone.
Together with dihydrotestosterone, it is the most important and biologically active male sex hormone. It is formed by androstenedione in testis and adrenal tissue. Participate in the regulation of metabolic processes related to the construction of muscle tissue, the regulation of skin sebaceous gland secretion, and the maturation of male and female sex cells. The study of testosterone levels showed various pathologies of male and female reproductive system and adrenal tumors. The hormones of the anterior pituitary gland stimulate the synthesis of thyroglobulin, thyroxine and triiodothyroxine. Secretion circadian rhythm, peaking in the morning and lowest in the evening. The definition is used to diagnose and monitor the treatment of thyroid and pituitary diseases. Glycoprotein hormones are synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland. The periodic secretion of gonadotropins, including gonadotropin, promotes the development of gonads and provides the secretion of sex hormones. Follicle-stimulating hormone in women regulates the formation of follicles in the ovaries and the biosynthesis of estradiol. In the middle of the menstrual cycle, the concentration is observed to reach a peak, which, together with other factors, triggers the ovulation process. In men, follicle-stimulating hormone controls spermatogenesis. Level determination can be used to diagnose pathologies of male and female reproductive systems.
Steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes and surrounding tissues. In women, estradiol can ensure the correct formation of the reproductive system, the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the regulation of menstrual function. The level of estradiol in the blood depends on the stage of the menstrual cycle. At the beginning of the cycle, the concentration of estradiol slowly increases. In the middle of the cycle, when the ovulation concentration reaches its peak, estradiol levels are highest. In the second half of the cycle, hormone levels decrease until the luteal phase ends. The concentration of estradiol also decreases with age. This hormone can stimulate bone growth, increase calcium absorption, and reduce kidney excretion of sodium and water. The study of blood estradiol levels can be used to diagnose irregular menstruation, infertility and sexual development disorders.
A protein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. During pregnancy, the function of prolactin is to prepare the breast for lactation. Hormones play an important role in the formation and function of the corpus luteum and participate in the regulation of water and salt metabolism. Under its influence, the excretion of water and sodium by the kidneys is delayed, and calcium absorption is enhanced. The level of prolactin depends on the stage of the menstrual cycle, and changes during the day, peaks during sleep, and is minimized by noon. The study of prolactin levels is used to diagnose lactation diseases, menstrual cycles, breast diseases, and female infertility.
Measure the concentration of one of the precursors of the steroid hormone pregnenolone in the blood for the diagnosis of adrenal genital syndrome. It is produced in the beta cells of the pancreas and then degraded into insulin and peptides. Usually, it enters the blood in small amounts. In large quantities, it can produce insulin-like effects on cells, thereby accelerating the entry of glucose into cells and their metabolism. Since in the oncological transformation of pancreatic β cells, their metabolism shifts to the production of proinsulin, this research is mainly used to diagnose and monitor the treatment of tumors by pancreatic β cells (insulin). In diabetes, the insulin level in the blood can be tested in conjunction with insulin and peptide levels to assess the function of β cells. Increased blood proinsulin concentration can also be observed in renal failure, liver cirrhosis, and hyperthyroidism.
Plasma protein-is a glycoprotein belonging to metalloproteinases, produced by trophoblast cells during pregnancy. -The concentration usually increases with the pregnancy process. Its effect has been confirmed in many biochemical transformations, which increase the bioavailability of insulin-like growth factors, which is essential for the normal development of the fetus. It has been clinically proven that the reduction of pregnancy-related plasma protein concentration in the first trimester of pregnancy is one of the signs of the presence of fetal chromosomal abnormalities (especially Down's and Edwards syndrome). This indicator has diagnostic value from 8-9 weeks of pregnancy. Usually, this indicator is studied together with human chorionic gonadotropin, and the 12-13 week study is considered the best. Since the second trimester, due to the low information content during this period, no chromosomal abnormality marker research has been conducted.
Gastrin is the main form of gastrin in the healthy mucosa. It is produced almost entirely by cells in the antrum of the stomach. Its main function is to produce hydrochloric acid and regulate gastric motility. An increase in its level is a sign of a decrease in the acidity of the gastric juice, which may indicate the development of gastritis. The test is designed to assess the state of the gastric antrum mucosa, and timely detect the pathological process-progressive atrophic gastritis, as well as to evaluate cancer and gastric ulcers Risk... Gastrin 18 is a marker of gastric antrum cell function. Research is useful for determining further examination or treatment strategies. As acidity increases, basal gastrin may not be detected. In this case, in order to distinguish between increased gastric acidity and mucosal atrophy, additional tests were performed on protein-stimulated gastrin.
-Glycoproteins in the blood can be used to evaluate the function of the placental complex and diagnose pregnancy complications. 
It is produced by trophoblast cells and has significant angiogenic potential. Used for prenatal screening to exclude pre-eclampsia or to evaluate the risk of pre-eclampsia in combination with other laboratory and diagnostic parameters in the presence of risk factors.
The biological activity of glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex is partly measured in saliva.
Combined with other indicators, this study allows you to assess the functional status of your thyroid.
Perform a comprehensive quantitative analysis to determine the levels of estradiol, estrone, estriol and norethinolol in the urine. Estrogen is a steroid sex hormone that is prevalent in women. The synthesis of estrogen in women is carried out through the follicular apparatus of the ovary, while the synthesis in men is mainly carried out through the testes (up to 21%). In women, estrogen ensures the normal development and function of the reproductive system, while in men, estrogen is involved in the regulation of prostate and testicular functions. There are three forms of estrogen: estrone (follicle protein)-1, estradiol-2 and estriol-3. They have different physiological activities: 2→3→1. Progesterone is a female sex hormone, produced by the corpus luteum, placenta and part of the adrenal cortex in women, and produced by the adrenal cortex (a small amount) and testes in men. In women, they provide opportunities for the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy. In men, progesterone is produced in small amounts as an intermediate in the synthesis of testosterone and cortisol, and participates in the work of the central nervous system. This study is not applicable to patients under the age of 17! When registering applications for women studying steroids, it is necessary to indicate whether there is pregnancy.
A comprehensive study to determine the levels of steroid hormones and their metabolites in daily urine. The synthesis of estrogen in women is carried out through the follicular organs of the ovaries. In women, estrogen can ensure the normal development and function of the reproductive system. Estrogen exists in three forms: estrogen (follicle protein)-1, estradiol-2 and estriol-3, which have different physiological activities. The study was aimed at women over 17 years old. When applying for registration, you must indicate whether you are pregnant or not. To assess the estrogen level and its metabolites of women of childbearing age with a standard menstrual cycle, it is recommended to take urine in the urine every day. The study was conducted under the guidance of the attending doctor.
A comprehensive study to determine the daily urine levels of androgens and their metabolites. Androgens are steroidal sex hormones produced by the sex glands: male testes and female ovaries. In both sexes, androgen synthesis can occur in the cells of the reticulo adrenal cortex. If there are too many women or they violate their conversion to estrogen, they are responsible for the development and virilization of male secondary characteristics. Determined laboratory parameters: dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, androsterone, epiandrosterone, betacholosterone, and androsterone/betacholosterone and testosterone/epitestosterone ratios . The study is not applicable to patients under 17 years of age! When registering applications for women studying steroids, it is necessary to indicate whether there is pregnancy. A comprehensive study to determine the levels of steroid hormones (androgens and estrogen) in the daily urine and the clinically significant androgen metabolites and their calculated ratios. In women, estrogen ensures the normal development and function of the reproductive system, while in men, estrogen is involved in the regulation of prostate and testicular functions. If a woman overdose or violates the behavior that converts to estrogen, androgens are responsible for the development and virilization of male secondary characteristics. Determined laboratory parameters: androgens and their metabolites (6 indicators): dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, androsterone, epiandrosterone, betacholosterone, and ratio: male Sterol/Ethosterone and testosterone/Epitestosterone and progesterone) estrogen (4 estrone, estriol, pregnadiol. This study is not applicable to patients under 17 years of age! In the registration study steroid hormones When applying for women, it is necessary to indicate whether there is pregnancy.
It is recommended as a screening test to diagnose primary aldosteronism. In terms of diagnosis, it is superior to the measurement of a single index. Compared with the similar increase in blood pressure in essential hypertension, its clinical significance is associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular damage and mortality. Timely diagnosis and appropriate pathogenic treatment can significantly improve the quality of life and reduce the occurrence of complications. This study is not applicable to patients under the age of 17! When registering applications for women studying steroids, it is necessary to indicate whether there is pregnancy. A dimeric protein that is secreted by the fetus, placenta and fetal membranes in the ovaries and during pregnancy. Inhibin mainly refers to female sex hormones. Together with inhibin, it inhibits the synthesis of follicle-stimulating hormone. In men, this hormone does not actually exist, because the main form of inhibin circulation in male blood is inhibin, which can be used to diagnose ovarian function (to determine its potential sensitivity to ovulation stimulation), diagnose ovarian tumors, and pregnancy Complications, this study does not apply to patients under 17 years of age! When registering applications for women studying steroids, it is necessary to indicate whether there is pregnancy. Progesterone is an endogenous steroid and progesterone that affects the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and fetal development. It belongs to steroid hormones called progesterone and is the main progesterone in the body. It is a key metabolic intermediate in the production of other endogenous steroids (including sex hormones and corticosteroids) and plays a key role in the brain's function as a neurosteroid.
A hormone that does not have high independent biological activity, but plays an important role in the overall hormonal state of the human body. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of androgens and estrogen (male and female sex hormones).
Female estrogen as well as estriol and estrone have the highest biological activity and therefore have the greatest diagnostic value.
A comprehensive study aimed at quantifying the content of major steroid hormones in saliva, which is necessary to determine their balance in the body and detect any irregularities. The complex includes the analysis of the following hormones: cortisone, cortisol, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, free testosterone, free estradiol, free progesterone, 18-progesterone.
The hormone responsible for regulating the body's circadian rhythm. Analyzing the concentration in saliva obtained at night aims to determine whether it is insufficient or excessive, and therefore the violations caused by this. Insulin antibodies are autoantibodies found in the blood of one-third of patients with type (insulin-dependent) diabetes. These antibodies are produced against endogenous insulin (produced by pancreatic cells) and are predictive markers of type 1 diabetes because in most cases, they appear before the clinical manifestations of the disease. The research is used to monitor diabetes and predict the risk of the disease in people who are prone to diabetes.
Autoimmune antibodies against thyroid stimulating hormone receptors. They can stimulate the effect of thyroid stimulating hormone on the thyroid or block its biological effects. This test is very important for the differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. The detection of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody is one of the main diagnostic indicators for diffuse toxic goiter (Graves' disease). Pancreatic Langerhans disease is one of the dangerous signs of the development of insulin-dependent diabetes. They appear in the blood of susceptible people before the clinical manifestations of impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. The study recommends that relatives of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes determine the risk of the disease and monitor the course of the disease to evaluate the effectiveness of immunocorrective therapy.
Metal peptidase, its main function is to participate in the regulation of blood pressure. The produced angiotensin is a powerful vasoconstrictor and is part of the so-called renin-angiotensin-aldosterone regulatory system. It is produced by the kidneys, lungs and some other organs. The research is mainly used for the diagnosis and monitoring of sarcoidosis and hypertension-related kidney disease. Recent studies have shown that this enzyme is not only important in regulating blood pressure, but also in neuronal activity in certain parts of the brain, especially those that cause depression.
This type of autoantibody is produced against thyroglobulin, the main precursor of thyroid hormone. The research is used to diagnose and monitor the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis, as well as other tests used to monitor highly differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid peroxidase is related to the granular endoplasmic reticulum of thyroid follicular cells. Its main function is to oxidize iodide to active iodine, and then combine with thyroglobulin to form thyroid hormone. The determination of thyroid peroxidase antibody titer is used to diagnose thyroid diseases caused by autoimmune processes. The increase in these antibody levels during pregnancy is an indicator of the mother’s risk of postpartum thyroiditis.
Antibody to the main antigen of pancreatic β cells-glutamate decarboxylase. These antibodies are present in most insulin-dependent diabetes patients (type 1), indicating the presence of autoimmune damage to pancreatic beta cells. In people with type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent), the presence of antibodies to glutamate decarboxylase indicates an increased risk of the disease becoming insulin-dependent. In clinically healthy individuals, the presence of anti-antibodies indicates an increased risk of diabetes in the future. According to some reports, in the presence of glutamate decarboxylase antibodies, the risk of diabetes is as high as 46%. The clinical manifestations of diabetes can occur 5-8 times, sometimes more years after the appearance of antibodies in the blood, and the symptoms of this disease usually occur after at least 81% of the beta cells have died. When examining pregnant women with gestational diabetes, the results of the study can help determine the risk of the disease becoming more aggressive. Hormones, as active biological substances, participate in the regulation of human metabolism. They play a key role in maintaining the stability of the internal environment of the human body, enabling the human body to adequately cope with external influences. Thanks to hormones, the body can cope with stressful situations. Over the years, hormone levels have changed. Because of these changes, we are able to grow and develop, and as time goes by, we gradually age. Hormones also play an important role in reproductive function. Most hormones are produced in the endocrine glands.
The endocrine system directly coordinates with the pituitary gland. Regulation is based on the principle of feedback and depends on the state of the central nervous system. 
This is not a routine routine study. If endocrine diseases are suspected, a prescription should be prescribed. The results of these tests allow you to determine hormone levels: normal, high or low. Since the endocrine glands are connected to each other into a single system, the changes in multiple glands can be observed at the same time, so that the nature of the disease can be determined more accurately. Hormone blood test is an important stage for obtaining an accurate diagnosis and the basis for prescribing further treatment. Whether women and men have healthy offspring depends on the level of certain hormones in the blood. Therefore, in some cases, doctors prescribe methods to analyze female and male hormones.
The indications for testing male hormones can be: suspected infertility, testicular swelling, diseases related to adrenal dysfunction, too fast or the opposite, slow growth, acne, etc. Thyroid hormone testing makes it possible to diagnose thyrotoxicosis. In the case of reduced function, thyrotoxicosis can affect mental development. Check the female hormone levels for signs such as irregular menstruation, infertility, overweight, pregnancy problems, suspected breast disease, swelling of the ovaries or uterus, and other abnormalities. You can perform testosterone, prolactin, estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone, pituitary luteinizing hormone, thyroid hormone, adrenal hormone and other tests. It is worth noting that in addition to hormone tests, doctors are likely to order an ultrasound to determine the size of the gland. Timely adjustment of hormonal balance will normalize the endocrine system and prevent the development of pathology. Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle, Animation.